New observations on wear characteristics of solid Al2O3/Si3N4 ceramic tool in high speed milling of additive manufactured Ti6Al4V

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies applied to the titanium alloys have attracted attention from industries in recent years. Despite one of the main goals of AM is the reduction of manufacturing steps, semi-finish/finish machining operations are still required so as to obtain the desired geometrical tolerance and surface features. In this study, the solid end mill was manufactured by Al₂O₃/Si₃N₄ (Sialon) ceramic materials and employed in high-speed slot milling of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) AM technology to study the tool wear characteristics during processing. The Raman spectroscopic method was employed to characterize the molecular structures of Sialon ceramics for the manufacturing of the cutting tool. The morphologies and elemental maps of wear region of the ceramic tool were examined by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques. The results show that the adhesion wear and diffusion wear are the dominant wear mechanisms, and the chemical stability of Al₂O₃/Si₃N₄ (Sialon) ceramics fabricated as the solid ceramic tool to the attack of the atoms from additive manufactured Ti6Al4V is relatively weak under the atmosphere. The difference of thermal expansion coefficients of diffusion layer and tool substrate accelerates the initiation and propagation of thermal cracks formed on the diffusion interface. Moreover, fracturing and crater-like groves near the tool edge were finally formed due to the removal of adhered workpiece material.     

Exploring stop-go decision zones at rural high-speed intersections with flashing green signal and insufficient yellow time in China

The objective of this study is to empirically analyze and model the stop-go decision behavior of drivers at rural high-speed intersections in China, where a flashing green signal of 3 s followed by a yellow signal of 3 s is commonly applied to end a green phase. 1, 186 high-resolution vehicle trajectories were collected at four typical high-speed intersection approaches in Shanghai and used for the identification of actual stop-go decision zones and the modeling of stop-go decision behavior. Results indicate that the presence of flashing green significantly changed the theoretical decision zones based on the conventional Dilemma Zone theory. The actual stop-go decision zones at the study intersections were thus formulated and identified based on the empirical data. Binary Logistic model and Fuzzy Logic model were then developed to further explore the impacts of flashing green on the stop-go behavior of drivers. It was found that the Fuzzy Logic model could produce comparably good estimation results as compared to the traditional Binary Logistic models. The findings of this study could contribute the development of effective dilemma zone protection strategies, the improvement of stop-go decision model embedded in the microscopic traffic simulation software and the proper design of signal change and clearance intervals at high-speed intersections in China.     

精细注水配套工艺技术优化研究

本文通过对注水配套工艺的优化研究,有效提高奈曼油田分注率和配注合格率,提高精细注水开发效果。     

Physical properties and microstructures of residual carbon and slag particles present in fine slag from entrained-flow coal gasification

Fine slag (FS) consists of residual carbon (RC) and slag particles (SP). This paper studies the characteristics of SP and RC separately. SP contain a little of pores and mainly consist of spherical particles most of which are solids. RC have a higher pore surface, more continuous and complete pore structure. The chemical structure of inorganic minerals in SP has the following characteristics: According to nuclear magnetic resonance results, the amounts of network structure Q₄ and Q₃ are more than that of chain structure Q₂ and Q₁. The 4-coordinated aluminum consists of 74% and the octahedral coordination (Al(VI)) takes up only 11%. SP is a heterogeneous material which contain not only inorganic minerals but also organic carbon. C atom associated in chemical way with the inorganic matter within SP matrix. The predominant groups of organic carbon within SP matrix are C-C and C-O. C-O groups organically bound with inorganic elements in SP forming C-O-M (M: inorganic elements) bands. The predominant components in RC are C-C and C-O.     

Interfacial Oxides Evolution of High-Speed Steel Joints by Hot-Compression Bonding

The interfacial oxidation behavior of Cr4Mo4V high-speed steel (HSS) joints undergoing hot-compression bonding was investigated by using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the heating and holding processes, dispersed rod-like and granular $\delta - {\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}}$ oxides were formed at the interface and in the matrix near the interface due to the selective oxidation and internal oxidation of Al, while irregular Si–Al–O compounds and spheroidal SiO₂ particles were formed at the interface. After the post-holding treatment, SiO₂ oxides and Si–Al–O compounds were dissolved into the matrix, and $\delta - {\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}}$ oxides were transformed into nanoscale $\alpha - {\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}}$ particles, which did not deteriorate the mechanical properties of the joints. The formation and migration of newly-formed grain boundaries by plastic deformation and post-holding treatment were the main mechanism for interface healing. The tensile test results showed that the strength of the healed joints was comparable to that of the base material, and the in-situ tensile observations proved that the fracture was initiated at the grain boundary of the matrix rather than at the interface. The clarification of interfacial oxides and microstructure is essential for the application of hot-compression bonding of HSSs.     

Online-review analysis based large-scale group decision-making for determining passenger demands and evaluating passenger satisfaction: Case study of high-speed rail system in China

High-speed rail (HSR) has become an essential mode of public transportation in China and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. To promote the development of the HSR industry, a high level of passenger satisfaction must be ensured, which means that passenger satisfaction must be assured. Focusing on HSR in-cabin factors that affect the travel experience of HSR passengers, this study aims to determine passenger demands (PDs) and to evaluate passenger satisfaction by using a combination of online review analysis and large-scale group decision-making (LSGDM). By using web crawler technology, online reviews related to HSR were harvested from a microblogging platform to extract PD data and information. The six PDs that reflect the most frequent concerns of passengers were identified by analyzing the online reviews. The level of satisfaction of passengers with respect to these PDs was analyzed based on the online responses from 100 HSR passengers and by adopting the interval-valued two-tuple linguistic representation model. The final degrees of satisfaction and rankings of the PDs were then determined by using the LSGDM approach with the k-means clustering method and a consensus-reaching process. This research thus constructs an index system of HSR passenger satisfaction evaluation based on online-review analysis and evaluates the process by using LSGDM approaches. The conclusions provide insights into the improvements desired by HSR passengers for in-cabin services and to improve passenger satisfaction.     

Metrics to identify meaningful downscaling skill in WRF simulations of intense rainfall events

Dynamical downscaling attempts to provide regional detail to climate change projections that subsequently can be used as input to climate change impact models. However, unlike forecasts by numerical weather prediction models, downscaled projections cannot be tested for skill because the future of interest is decades away. Nevertheless, models can be tested in terms of how well they simulate current weather or climate, thus giving an indication of skill in representing the process of interest. Here, six configurations using different combinations of three microphysics and two planetary boundary layer schemes are assessed on their skill to simulate desired characteristics in daily rainfall fields from three two week simulations in southeast Australia; ‘desired’ meaning desirable in relation to the intended application. Of different metrics and analysis assessed, a metric based on variography analysis, summarising characteristics about spatial variability and dissimilarity, is shown to provide the most informative guidance relative to the desirable characteristics.     

Effect of pulp rheology on flotation of nickel sulphide ore with fibrous gangue particles

Abstract

Tests are carried out with suspensions of fibrous chrysotile particles and nickel sulphide ore containing chrysotile as a gangue. They corroborate published results, and indicate a very strong effect of particle shape on slurry rheology. Such suspensions exhibit time dependent properties. The flotation tests revealed that the viscosity of this system strongly affects flotation performance. At a solids concentration of 15–20% (w/w), the concentrate yield increases and the concentrate grade dramatically declines. This deterioration is observed when the Casson yield stress exceeds 1·5–2 Pa. The tests imply that the rheological properties of the investigated system are mainly determined by fibrous components. However, because of the presence of anisotropic mineral particles, the effect of particle–particle interactions cannot be separated from the effect of particle shape in this system.

On effectue des essais avec des suspensions de particules fibreuses de serpentine et de minerai de sulfure de nickel contenant de la serpentine comme gangue. Ces essais confirment les résultats publiés et indiquent un effet très prononcé de la forme des particules sur la rhéologie de la boue. De telles suspensions exhibent des propriétés dépendantes du temps. Les essais de flottation ont révélé que la viscosité de ce système affecte grandement le rendement de la flottation. À une concentration en solides de 15 à 20% (poids/poids), la production de concentré augmente et la qualité du concentré décline dramatiquement. Cette détérioration est observée lorsque la contrainte de Casson excède 1·5 à 2 Pa. Les essais impliquent que les propriétés rhéologiques du système étudié sont déterminées principalement par les composantes fibreuses. Cependant, à cause de la présence de particules minérales anisotropes, on ne peut pas séparer l’effet des interactions particule-particule de l’effet de la forme des particules dans ce système.     

Jitter tolerance calibration for high-speed serial interfaces

A jitter tolerance calibration test bench suitable for high speed serial interfaces (HSSI) using verilog-AMS is proposed in this paper. The jitter tolerance simulation environment can be easily parameterized in order to be compliant to any HSSI standard specification. As an example, the proposed solution is applied for the jitter tolerance simulation and characterization of the most updated M-PHY ver.3 HSSI standard for mobile applications. A comprehensive method for the calculation of the jitter noise frequency ingredients and the calibration of jitter noise sources is also proposed resulting a jitter tolerance mask compliant with the M-PHY ver.3 specifications. Using the proposed implementation the transistor level and behavioral modules co-simulation time could be significantly minimized.     

Optimization of Mixing and Mass Transfer in In-line Multi-Jet Ozone Contactors Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Typical ozone mixing and mass transfer calculations are lumped approaches based on ideal operating conditions and can misrepresent behavior in real-life installations. This article models the effect of local hydrodynamics and mixing on the overall mass transfer of ozone into water with the aid of multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD models were validated with measured data from a pipeline ozone contactor installation which was optimized for more rapid, uniform mixing and mass transfer. Results emphasize the sensitivity of mixing quality to nozzle placement, size, orientation and spacing relative to main pipeline diameter and flows.